用 rsync 複製系統

【前言】

前面已有多篇敘述用 dd 複製系統。這種方法的問題是必需複製整個分割區。也就是說，檔案以外的空白區 (free space) 也要複製。如果用 rsync，就可以只複製檔案，以節省時間、空間。

Linux 系統的分割區可以有很多種分配方式。最單純的是只有一個，也就是把所有目錄都放在一起。其次是兩個分割區，系統一個，HOME 一個。也有人用更多的分割區，把系統目錄分散在多個分割區。本文介紹前兩種狀況。

此外，除了可以複製非使用中的分割區，也可以複製正在使用的分割區。下文都一併介紹。

所以，要複製的狀況有：
狀況一：單一分割區，非使用中。
狀況二：雙分割區，非使用中。
狀況三：使用中系統。


本文更新於 WordPress：
Backup And Restore Debian GNU/Linux 10 Using rsync Commands

用 Wine/PlayOnLinux 安裝 CBETA 閱經器 CBReader

【前言】

CBETA 的 CBReader 是依 Windows 系統製成，無法直接在 Linux 使用，這是非常遺憾的事。所幸，Linux 有 Wine，可藉此使用 CBReader 閱經器。但是，大家好像很擔心因果似的，沒人詳述安裝過程，致使新手不知如何安裝。

本篇網誌敘述安裝法，以利大眾。因無提供任何程式供人使用，應該沒有侵犯版權。若有因果，欣然接受；只願大眾深入經藏，智慧如海。至於依之而行的人，若有因果，則需自行承擔。

特別提醒：將安裝好的結果供人使用流通，或有因果；若是自用，應該問題比較小。

本文更新於 WordPress：
Linux 系統安裝 CBETA 閱經器 CBReader

Linux 系統安裝“大正藏在线阅读”程序

2019/08/17 更新

【目錄】

【前言】
【安裝 python 3.6】
　1. 下載
　2. 解壓
　3. 安裝工具
　4. 安裝 python 3.6
　5. 建立 python 3.6 環境
【大正藏在线阅读程序】
　1. 取得檔案
　2. 加入藏經檔
　3. 取得並修改 make_xml.py 檔
　4. 在 python 環境中安裝必需程式庫
　5. 修改 xml 檔
　6. 啟動閱經器
　7. 再啟動閱經器
【後語】

【前言】

前篇已敘述了用 Wine/PlayOnLinux 安裝 CBETA 閱經器 CBReader 的方法，本篇介紹北京趙文平大德發心編寫的閱經器。因其主要以 python 撰寫並使用 W3C 的 XSLT 呈現經文，故可跨平台；而且不要求版權，無償供人使用；雖然目前仍在積極開發中，尚未完備，但架構已成，值得介紹。

此閱經器要在 python 3.6 的環境中執行，所以下文先介紹下載安裝 3.6 版的方法，才談閱經器。

因為每個 Linux 版本所安裝的程式不同，為了得知安裝時所需的程式，本例特別使用了一個較簡單、沒有安裝很多應用程式的 Debian 10 系統。以下提及要安裝的程式，若諸位的系統已經有了，略過即可。

用 Bash 指令產生 html 色表

【 前言 】

在編輯佈景樣式時，都會牽扯到顏色的設定；尤其是程式碼的 highlight 需要在不同背景色下選用多種顏色。所以最好能有色表參考。

以下 Bash 指令可產生 html 碼，在一種背景色下顯示 729 種前景色。


本文更新於 WordPress：
Generating HTML Color Tables with BASH Script

另有用 ImageMagick 的方法：
Generating Color Tables with ImageMagick

GTK2 深灰色佈景

GTK3 設定請見後文

GTK2 使用版本：GTK 2.24。

範例：Spacefm

【GTK2 設定檔內容】

.gtkrc-2.0 檔的位置在 ~ 目錄。

# GtkSettings (見官方 "Reference Manual" II; 小括號內是預設值)

gtk-color-scheme = "gray_1: #101010"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_2: #202020"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_3: #303030"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_4: #404040"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_5: #505050"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_6: #606060"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_7: #707070"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_8: #808080"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_9: #909090"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_a: #a0a0a0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_b: #b0b0b0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_c: #c0c0c0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_d: #d0d0d0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_e: #e0e0e0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_f: #f0f0f0"
gtk-color-scheme = "gray_g: #ffffff"
# A palette of named colors for use in themes ("")
gtk-color-scheme = "info_fg_color: lightgray"
gtk-color-scheme = "info_bg_color: #004000"
gtk-color-scheme = "warning_fg_color: lightgray"
gtk-color-scheme = "warning_bg_color: #804000"
gtk-color-scheme = "question_fg_color: lightgray"
gtk-color-scheme = "question_bg_color: #808000"
gtk-color-scheme = "error_fg_color: lightgray"
gtk-color-scheme = "error_bg_color: #800000"

#gtk-cursor-blink = TRUE
# Whether the cursor should blink (TRUE)

gtk-cursor-blink-time = 1000
# Length of the cursor blink cycle, in milliseconds (1200)

#gtk-cursor-blink-timeout = 2147483647
# Time after which the cursor stops blinking, in seconds (2147483647)

#gtk-cursor-theme-name = NULL
# Name of the cursor theme to use (NULL to use the default theme)

#gtk-cursor-theme-size = 0
# Size to use for cursors (0 ~ 128, 0 to use the default size)

gtk-fallback-icon-theme = "GNOME"
# Name of a icon theme to fall back to (NULL)

#gtk-font-name = "HanaMinA 13"
gtk-font-name = "AR PL UMing TW 13"
# Name of default font to use ("Sans 10")

gtk-icon-sizes = "gtk-menu=16,16:gtk-button=20,20:gtk-small-toolbar=18,18:gtk-large-toolbar=32,32:gtk-dnd=40,40:gtk-dialog=48,48"
# A list of icon sizes (NULL)

gtk-icon-theme-name = "Humanity"
# Name of icon theme to use (See index.theme file; "Hicolor")

gtk-menu-bar-accel = ""
# Keybinding to activate the menu bar ("F10")

gtk-menu-popdown-delay = 0
# The time before hiding a submenu when the pointer is moving towards the submenu (1000)

gtk-menu-popup-delay = 0
# Minimum time the pointer must stay over a menu item before the submenu appear (225)

#gtk-theme-name = "Raleigh"
# Name of theme RC file to load (Dir name, "Raleigh")

gtk-toolbar-icon-size = GTK_ICON_SIZE_SMALL_TOOLBAR
# The size of icons in default toolbars (GTK_ICON_SIZE_LARGE_TOOLBAR)

gtk-toolbar-style = GTK_TOOLBAR_ICONS
# Whether default toolbars have text only, text and icons, icons only, etc. (GTK_TOOLBAR_BOTH)

gtk-tooltip-timeout = 0
# Time, in milliseconds, after which a tooltip could appear if the cursor is hovering on top of a widget (500)

# Widgets and Objects

style "default" {
  fg[NORMAL] = @gray_f
  bg[NORMAL] = @gray_3
  text[NORMAL] = @gray_e
  base[NORMAL] = @gray_2

  fg[PRELIGHT] = @gray_f
  bg[PRELIGHT] = @gray_5
  text[PRELIGHT] = @gray_e
  base[PRELIGHT] = @gray_4

  fg[ACTIVE] = @gray_f
  bg[ACTIVE] = @gray_4
  text[ACTIVE] = @gray_f
  base[ACTIVE] = @gray_5

  fg[SELECTED] = @gray_g
  bg[SELECTED] = @gray_6
  text[SELECTED] = @gray_f
  base[SELECTED] = @gray_5

  fg[INSENSITIVE] = @gray_8
  bg[INSENSITIVE] = @gray_1
  text[INSENSITIVE] = @gray_7
  base[INSENSITIVE] = @gray_1

  xthickness = 1
  ythickness = 1

# A widget that creates a signal when clicked on
  GtkButton::child-displacement-x = 2
  # How far in the x direction to move the child when the button is depressed (0)
  GtkButton::child-displacement-y = 2
  # How far in the y direction to move the child when the button is depressed (0)
  GtkButton::default-border = { 2, 1, 2, 1 }
  # Extra space to add for GTK_CAN_DEFAULT buttons ({ 1, 1, 1, 1 })
#  GtkButton::default-outside-border = { 0, 0, 0, 0 }
  # Extra space to add for GTK_CAN_DEFAULT buttons that is always drawn outside the border ({ 0, 0, 0, 0 })
#  GtkButton::displace-focus = FALSE
  # Whether the child_displacement_x/_y properties should also affect the focus rectangle (FALSE)
#  GtkButton::image-spacing = 2
  # Spacing in pixels between the image and label (2)
#  GtkButton::inner-border = { 1, 1, 1, 1 }
  # Border between button edges and child ({ 1, 1, 1, 1 })

# Create widgets with a discrete toggle button
  GtkCheckButton::indicator-size = 18
  # Size of check or radio indicator (13)
  GtkCheckButton::indicator-spacing = 4
  # Spacing around check or radio indicator (2)

# A widget used to choose from a list of items
#  GtkComboBox::appears-as-list = FALSE
  # Whether dropdowns should look like lists rather than menus (FALSE)
#  GtkComboBox::arrow-size = 15
  # Sets the minimum size of the arrow in the combo box. Note that the arrow size is coupled to the font size, so in case a larger font is used, the arrow will be larger than set by arrow size. (15)
  GtkComboBox::shadow-type = GTK_SHADOW_OUT
  # Which kind of shadow to draw around the combo box (GTK_SHADOW_NONE)

# Create popup windows
  GtkDialog::action-area-border = 3
  # Width of border around the button area at the bottom of the dialog (5)
  GtkDialog::button-spacing = 3
  # Spacing between buttons (6)
  GtkDialog::content-area-border = 3
  # Width of border around the main dialog area (2)
  GtkDialog::content-area-spacing = 3
  # Spacing used between elements of the content area (0)

# A single line text entry field
#  GtkEntry::inner-border = {2, 2, 2, 2}
  # Border between the text and the frame ({2, 2, 2, 2})

# A menu widget
  GtkMenu::arrow-scaling = 1
  # Arbitrary constant to scale down the size of the scroll arrow (0.7)
  GtkMenu::horizontal-offset = 0
  # When the menu is a submenu, position it this number of pixels offset horizontally (-2)
  GtkMenu::horizontal-padding = 2
  # Extra space at the left and right edges of the menu (0)
  GtkMenu::vertical-offset = 2
  # When the menu is a submenu, position it this number of pixels offset vertically (0)
  GtkMenu::vertical-padding = 2
  # Extra space at the top and bottom of the menu (1)

# A subclass widget for GtkMenuShell which holds GtkMenuItem widgets
  GtkMenuBar::internal-padding = 0
  # Amount of border space between the menubar shadow and the menu items (1)

# A menu entry
  GtkMenuItem::arrow-scaling = 0.6
  # Arrow size, relative to the menu item's font size (0 ~ 2, 0.8)
  GtkMenuItem::arrow-spacing = 0
  # Space between label and arrow (10)
#  GtkMenuItem::horizontal-padding = 3
  # Padding to left and right of the menu item (3)
  GtkMenuItem::selected-shadow-type = GTK_SHADOW_ETCHED_OUT
  # Shadow type when item is selected (GTK_SHADOW_NONE)
#  GtkMenuItem::toggle-spacing = 5
  # Space between icon and label (5)
  GtkMenuItem::width-chars = 0
  # The minimum desired width of the menu item in characters (12)

# A widget with two adjustable panes
  GtkPaned::handle-size = 8
  # Width of handle (5)

# Base class for widgets which visualize an adjustment
  GtkRange::arrow-displacement-x = 2
  # How far in the x direction to move the arrow when the button is depressed (0)
  GtkRange::arrow-displacement-y = 2
  # How far in the y direction to move the arrow when the button is depressed (0)
  GtkRange::arrow-scaling = 0.8
  # The arrow size proportion relative to the scroll button size (0.5)
  GtkRange::slider-width = 10
  # Width of scrollbar or scale thumb (14)
  GtkRange::stepper-size = 16
  # Length of step buttons at ends (14)
#  GtkRange::stepper-spacing = 0
  # Spacing between the stepper buttons and thumb (0)
  GtkRange::trough-border = 2
  # Spacing between thumb/steppers and outer trough bevel (1)
  GtkRange::trough-under-steppers = 0
  # Whether to draw the trough across the full length of the range or to exclude the steppers and their spacing (TRUE, 用 FALSE 無效)

# A slider control used to select numeric values (Child of GtkRange)
  GtkScale::slider-length = 24
  # Length of scale's slider (31)
  GtkScale::value-spacing = 5
  # Space between value text and the slider/trough area (2)

# A scrollbar (Child of GtkRange)
  GtkScrollbar::has-backward-stepper = 0
  # Display the standard backward arrow button (1, TRUE/FALSE don't work)
  GtkScrollbar::has-forward-stepper = 1
  # Display the standard forward arrow button (1, TRUE/FALSE don't work)
  GtkScrollbar::has-secondary-backward-stepper = 1
  # Display a second backward arrow button on the opposite end of the scrollbar (0, TRUE/FALSE don't work)
  GtkScrollbar::has-secondary-forward-stepper = 0
  # Display a second forward arrow button on the opposite end of the scrollbar (0, TRUE/FALSE don't work)
  GtkScrollbar::min-slider-length = 14
  # Minimum length of scrollbar slider (21, GTK3 deprecated)

# Adds scrollbars to its child widget
  GtkScrolledWindow::scrollbar-spacing = 0
  # Number of pixels between the scrollbars and the scrolled window (3)

# A toolbar
  GtkToolbar::internal-padding = 2
  # Amount of border space between the toolbar shadow and the buttons (0)
  GtkToolbar::space-size = 8
  # Size of spacers (12)

# A widget for displaying both trees and lists
  GtkTreeView::even-row-color = @gray_3
  # Color to use for even rows
  GtkTreeView::expander-size = 16
  # Size of the expander arrow (12)
  GtkTreeView::horizontal-separator = 0
  # Horizontal space between cells (Must be an even number, 2)
  GtkTreeView::odd-row-color = @gray_2
  # Color to use for odd rows
  GtkTreeView::tree-line-pattern = "\000"
  # Dash pattern used to draw the tree view lines (\001\001)
  GtkTreeView::tree-line-width = 2
  # Width, in pixels, of the tree view lines (1)
  GtkTreeView::vertical-separator = 0
  # Vertical space between cells (Must be an even number, 2)

# Base class for all widgets
  GtkWidget::cursor-aspect-ratio = 0.08
  # Aspect ratio with which to draw insertion cursor (0.04)
  GtkWidget::cursor-color = "#ff0000"
  # Color with which to draw insertion cursor
  GtkWidget::focus-line-pattern = "\002"
  # Dash pattern used to draw the focus indicator (\001\001)
#  GtkWidget::focus-line-width = 1
  # Width, in pixels, of the focus indicator line (1)
  GtkWidget::focus-padding = 0
  # Width, in pixels, between focus indicator and the widget 'box' (1)
#  GtkWidget::interior-focus = TRUE
  # Whether to draw the focus indicator inside widgets (TRUE)
  GtkWidget::link-color = "#ff8040"
  # Color of unvisited links
#  GtkWidget::scroll-arrow-hlength = 16
  # Length of horizontal scroll arrows (16)
#  GtkWidget::scroll-arrow-vlength = 16
  # Length of vertical scroll arrows (16)
  GtkWidget::separator-height = 1
  # Height of separators (This property only takes effect if “wide-separators” is TRUE, 0)
  GtkWidget::separator-width = 1
  # Width of separators (This property only takes effect if “wide-separators” is TRUE, 0)
#  GtkWidget::tooltip-alpha = 255
  # Opacity of widget tooltips (255)
  GtkWidget::tooltip-radius = 3
  # Radius of widget tooltips (0)
  GtkWidget::visited-link-color = "#ff80ff"
  # Color of visited links
  GtkWidget::wide-separators = 1
  # Whether separators have configurable width and should be drawn using a box instead of a line (FALSE)
}

style "button" {
  bg[NORMAL] = @gray_4
  bg[PRELIGHT] = @gray_6
}

style "notebook" {
  bg[NORMAL] = @gray_4
  bg[ACTIVE] = @gray_2

#  GtkNotebook::arrow-spacing = 0
  # Spacing between the scroll arrows and the tabs (0)
  GtkNotebook::has-backward-stepper = 0
  # Whether the standard backward arrow button is displayed (TRUE, 用 FALSE 無效)
#  GtkNotebook::has-forward-stepper = TRUE
  # Whether the standard forward arrow button is displayed (TRUE)
  GtkNotebook::has-secondary-backward-stepper = 1
  # Whether a second backward arrow button is displayed on the opposite end of the tab area (FALSE, 用 TRUE 無效)
#  GtkNotebook::has-secondary-forward-stepper = FALSE
  # Whether a second forward arrow button is displayed on the opposite end of the tab area (FALSE)
  GtkNotebook::tab-overlap = -2
  # Size of tab overlap area (2)
}

style "toolbar" {
  bg[NORMAL] = @gray_6
}

style "tooltips" {
  xthickness = 6
  fg[NORMAL] = @gray_1
  bg[NORMAL] = @gray_a
}

class "GtkToolbar" style "toolbar"
class "GtkWidget" style "default"
widget_class "*<gtkbutton>" style "button"
widget_class "*<gtknotebook>" style "notebook"
widget "gtk-tooltip*" style "tooltips"

用 BASH 指令將 XML 檔自動排版 (Format XML with BASH)

有不少現成的工具可以將 XML 檔自動排版。自己試著用 bash 指令寫一個，記錄於此。

本文更新於 WordPress：
Format XML with BASH Script

FluxBox Settings

【前言】

曾經談過 Fluxbox 的樣式設定，現在談其他的設定檔。

$HOME/.fluxbox 為放置設定檔的路徑，

本文更新於 WordPress：
FluxBox Window Manager Settings

Linux Bash Countdown Timer

【前言】

用 bash 寫的倒數計時程式，在此做個記錄，也提供參考。

設定時間，可用一個、兩個或三個數字。
輸入一個數字，則視為：秒 (可超過 60）。
輸入兩個數字，則分別視為：分、秒 (皆可超過 60）。
輸入三個數字，則分別視為：時、分、秒。
輸入更多數字，只取前三者，餘皆忽略。

本文更新於 WordPress：
Countdown Timer Using BASH Script

用 Zenity 做簡易的行事曆程式

【前言】

Linux 系統常會安裝有 Zenity 程式，它主要是用來顯示對話框，如：月曆、選檔、選色、輸入框等，多達十五種。

其中的 --text-info 是用來顯示文字訊息。雖然可用在「是否願意接受版權」的場合，但因為可以讀取檔案，所以能當成簡易的行事曆。


本文更新於 WordPress：
A Simple Calendar/To-Do Program Using Zenity

用 Zenity 做簡易的 Memo 程式

【前言】

Linux 系統常會安裝有 Zenity 程式，它主要是用來顯示對話框，如：月曆、選檔、選色、輸入框等，多達十五種。

其中的 --text-info 是用來顯示文字訊息。雖然可用在「是否願意接受版權」的場合，但因為可以讀取檔案並編輯內容，所以能當成簡易的備忘錄。

本文更新於 WordPress：
A Simple Memo Program Using Zenity

Fluxbox 深灰色樣式

【前言】

Fluxbox 的樣式檔放在 ~/.fluxbox/styles/ 資料夾中。放入後，會自動讀取，桌面的右鍵選單中，Styles 一項就會包含之。

有五類可設定：桌面 (background)、桌面的右鍵選單 (menu)、桌面小窗格 (slit)、工具列 (toolbar)、視窗 (window)

下述 <texture> 的選項可以有五種：
* [ Flat | Raised | Sunken ] 平面、凸起、或凹下的外觀
* [ Gradient | Solid ] 漸層色或單色
* [ Horizontal | Vertical | Diagonal | Crossdiagonal | Pipecross | Elliptic | Rectangle | Pyramid ] 漸層色的樣式
* [ Interlaced ] darken every other line，可用於 Gradient 或 Solid
* [ Bevel1 | Bevel2 ] 斜角陰影，預設值為 Bevel1，陰影在邊緣。Bevel2 的陰影在邊緣內的 1px。

除以上五種外，還可以用 Pixmap 或 ParentRelative。前者是用圖片，後者是指依父組件的樣式，所以就像透明沒有樣式。


本文更新於 WordPress：
Fluxbox Window Manager Dark Gray Style

GoldenDict 深灰色樣式

【前言】
GoldenDict 是很好用的字典工具，衍生於 StarDict，在此先感謝這兩個軟體的開發者。

Linux 系統中，GoldenDict 樣式的設定是靠 ~/.goldendict/ 資料夾內的 article-style.css 和 qt-style.css 兩檔。前者設定查詢結果的內容，後者設定兩旁側欄的外觀。

article-style.css 可以設定的選項大部分可按 F12 取得，或在查詢結果的窗格內按滑鼠右鍵，選 [檢查原始碼]。 看到原始碼後，展開 <head> ，再展開 <style ... media="all"> ，看到的這一大串就是。 要複製時，在 <style ... media="all"> 這一行點擊一下，讓底色變藍，按 Ctrl+C，就可以複製起來。 然後在 ~/.goldendict/ 開一個文字檔貼上，存成 article-style.css。

若要取得內容比較完整的 qt-style.css 檔，要去官方網站下載來源碼。當然，article-style.css 也可以由此而得。


本文更新於 WordPress：
GoldenDict Dark Gray Theme

Bash 變數值的修改

Modify the values of Variables in Bash

本文更新於 WordPress：
Manipulating BASH Variables

Linux 系統鍵盤鎖定的顯示

【前言】

本例的筆記型電腦沒有 LED 燈顯示大寫鍵和數字鍵是否鎖定。以前是靠 lxpanel 來顯示，後來不用 lxpanel，就安裝程式來顯示。最近發現根本不需要靠其他程式，只要寫幾個簡短的指令就可解決，現敘述於下。這幾個簡短的指令要存成檔案，並將之設成可執行檔。

視窗管理員（Window manager）通常有一個檔案可以設定，按某一鍵或某些組合鍵，即可執行某個動作。IceWM 和 Fluxbox 都叫 keys 檔。

以下就是結合這兩項，在 keys 檔中設定，按大寫鎖定鍵 (Caps Lock) 或數字鎖定鍵 (Num Lock) 時，分別執行對應的可執行檔，來顯示是否鎖定。

本文更新於 WordPress：
Num Lock / Caps Lock Notifications

GTK2 和 GTK3 佈景範例

請見較新的深灰色範例。

Linux 系統改變筆電螢幕亮度的方法

【前言】

如果筆電的鍵盤有按鍵可以直接改變螢幕亮度，但使用 Linux 系統，按鍵卻失效，有多種方法可以解決。

本文更新於 WordPress：
Adjusting the Brightness of the Laptop Screen on Debian GNU/Linux 10